By: Nora O’Connor

Introduction

In the early 1990s, local Daytonian Bob Thaman visited the Dayton Arcade one evening.

Even though Thaman’s photos did not develop correctly, those were some of the last photographs that someone had taken of the Dayton Arcade for nearly a decade. Thaman was one of many Daytonians that grew up with early memories at the Dayton Arcade. For many Daytonians, like Thaman, a lot of these memories at the Dayton Arcade are cherished.  The Arcades closing devastated many Daytonians like Thaman. It hurt the city economically. This essay is about the grassroots efforts by concerned citizens in Dayton to save the beloved complex.

The Dayton Arcade

Based on many accounts, similar to Thaman, the Dayton Arcade lives as a magnificent place in their minds. People experienced the Dayton Arcade in many different ways. People lived in the apartments that were on the top floors, owned a business in the central hub, grabbed food during their lunch break while working in the city, and families would shop there during the holidays as well.

The concept of creating the Dayton Arcade came to fruition by the initial owner Eugene J. Barney of the Barney & Smith Car Company. “The Dayton Arcade consists of five interconnecting buildings topped by a glass-domed rotunda, 70 feet high and 90 feet in diameter, below which two balconied upper floors circle the central enclave.”^[4] When the Dayton Arcade was complete, it had the latest innovations, including elevators and the building’s very own power and storage plants. Initially, the central space was an enormous farmers’ market with housing located on the upper floors. Through the first four decades of the century, this mega supermarket was one of downtown’s prime attractions. The Arcade was where one went for the more delicacies of meats, baked goods, fruits, and vegetables as well as luxurious types of foods such as seafood, food specialties, meat specialties, and assorted luxury items available in or out of season like fresh-cut flowers.

The Dayton Arcade has gone through various obstacles financially and was never stable after the 1980s. After the 1980 recession, the owners went into receivership. Many top tier companies that had their headquarters and factories in downtown Dayton started moving out and relocating elsewhere. Only half of the retail space was occupied in the Dayton Arcade five years after the 1980 recession. The Arcade ended up closing its doors in the 1990s. The last two stores officially in the Dayton Arcade were the fish market and a barbershop.

In 1990, a new buyer came in with the support of the city, no significant renovations would get done with the apartments or business units, and owning the property caused a substantial financial loss for these new owners.

This problem forced them to sell the Arcade for very little. Brownfield Charities then bought the Arcade for the small sum but ended up just as frustrated as the previous owners with trying to pay off the taxes and led to an eventual attempt to sell the Dayton Arcade on eBay. The Dayton Arcade faced financial turmoil with upkeeping from its initial closing to the failing of revitalization through new owners led the Dayton Arcade to be left in the dust similar to many other buildings in the downtown area, creating urban desolation.

The Friends of the Arcade

In 1991, just a few years after Thaman took the photographs of the Arcade, the Arcade went out of business. Abandoned and decaying, it seemed that only in a matter of time before it would get demolished. Not long after, a group of people came together with memories and decay of the Arcade gathered in a last-ditch effort to save the Arcade. This group set after keeping the Arcade from further deterioration and sought to pay back the tax debt. The group grew, and the efforts expanded. The Friends of the Arcade first met on Wednesday, June 13, 2007, at the Dayton Metro Library. Around twenty-five people attended this first meeting. The group leaders were by Leon Bey, Maribeth Graham, and Joanne Granzow.^[7]

The Friends of the Arcade was a private, non-profit organization that started in September 2007. One of the goals of the non-profit organization was to raise awareness about the endangered historic Dayton Arcade throughout their community. The Dayton Arcade received significant support from this non-profit organization. The organization was created from many people in the Dayton community, having memories or connections to the Dayton Arcade in some regard. From the fish market to the Culp’s Cafeteria to the grocery store. The Dayton Arcade is in a central location of the city and an extensive hub of varying types of businesses, which is what made the Arcade such a popular place. From people stopping by during their lunch breaks to grabbing groceries.

The motivation behind preserving the Dayton Arcade was these memories people cherished from the Dayton Arcade. There seemed to be such a tremendous community outpour in the last twenty years, yet plans to renovate the Dayton Arcade never seemed to get accomplished. It was not that the past renovation plans failed; it was the persistent outpour of the community that did not allow for the Arcade to collapse. Out of these experiences, many Daytonians had developed connections to the Arcade. They assimilated much after their childhoods and families relocated. They were now moving into the excitement of early adulthood, the pleasure of shopping, and going to eat with friends. Growing up created a longing of the Dayton Arcade that they had experienced in their childhood.

The first goal set out by the Friends of the Arcade was to pay off the $270,000 in overdue taxes.^[8] One of the fundraisers was a “Save the Arcade Holiday Bazaar.” Holiday gift items included 2008 Save the Arcade calendar that was 11”x17” poster featuring the glass-domed rotunda, and Arcade sketched notecards, a CD of 60+ photos of Dayton’s Arcade, Save the Arcade bookmarks and buttons and more. The first fundraiser hosted on December 21^st and 22^nd of 2007. The items sold from the Friends of the Arcade office on 137 N. Main St. Suite 200 in downtown Dayton.^[9] Another fundraiser that the organization hosted was an Arcade Pledge Card and many others. The impact this had on the Dayton Arcade. A Dayton Daily News Article, describes The Woman’s Club of Dayton, YWCA Dayton, and Friends of the Dayton Arcade partnering to select individuals or organizations that have made significant contributions to the Historic Preservation of Dayton for the 2010 Jewel of the Gem City Award.^[10] The free public tours of the Arcadeon Urban Nights, the first one hosted in September 2007, were organized and sponsored by Friends of the Arcade to educate the public about the conditions of the Arcade and the need to keep the buildings from being demolished.

Besides raising awareness, the Friends of the Arcade’s top priority is that their fundraisers would help pay off the taxes of the arcade to bring some financial relief to potential new owners of the arcade. The organization continued fundraising efforts to help maintain and preserve the buildings as well. This organization was the grassroots effort of protecting the Dayton Arcade through a variety of fundraisers.^[11] Some other events hosted by the organization to raise funds for the Dayton Arcade included but not limited to publishing a book, hosting a lunch on, selling various items that had the Dayton Arcade name on it, and so on.

The Dayton Arcade would not be currently undergoing renovations if it was not for the support of the Friends of the Arcade. The Friends of the Arcade goal as an organization by not letting the Arcade lose the support of the community and help to revive local business in the focal point of the metropolitan area.   The city and the Arcade are beginning to flourish with the currently proposed projects and could potentially add to the vibrancy of the downtown area.^[12] Community members created the Friends of the Arcade organization. The Arcade is the heart of the city. Many Daytonians are looking for a more lively downtown area again. “Leaders hope the revitalization will bring energy and connectivity that downtown has not seen in years.”^[13] There is a lot of community outpour for the Dayton Arcade. Many committees and groups formed in support of the Dayton Arcade. Many people like Thaman, have memories of the Dayton Arcade and do not want such an iconic piece of the city to undergo demolition.

There were plenty of legislation papers by Senator Charles F. Horn in support of the Dayton Arcade. These legislative proposals were to potentially use the Dayton Arcade for museum space but never went through due to a lack of predicted revenue it would have brought in.^[14] In August 2014, Mayor Nan Whealy announced the proposal of a task force to determine if the Arcade should be demolished or redeveloped.^[15]  “Mayor Whaley’s goal was to preserve at least some of the complex’s historical ties to the downtown community while at the same time avoiding a costly financial commitment from the city.”^[16] Dayton officials did as much as possible to bring more life back to the downtown area. Many of the middle and upper classes were more so attracted to living in the suburbs. Shopping at the Town & Country outlet malls in the suburban neighborhoods is what drove business out of the downtown and out into the suburbs. The lower class was now stuck living on the west side of the city, known to be a food desert. Significant reasoning behind the support of the Arcade is because of the financial revenue it would bring to the town. Having an empty building in the downtown area does not make it an attractive place.

Urban Preservation Movement

Historic preservation efforts in the United States began in the early 19th century as the country was starting to form a national identity. The first efforts recognized in historic preservation is the 1816 campaign to save Independence Hall in Philadelphia, the formation of the Essex Institute in 1848, and the 1853 purchase and restoration of Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon is the home of the first president George Washington. The campaign was formed by the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union and demonstrated efforts to preserve a place that mattered to a small group of interested individuals and is the most highlighted organizations that spurred the preservation movement. “After noticing the Mount Vernon property was in a state of deterioration, the group of prominent women formed the Mount Vernon Ladies Association in 1853. They purchased the property, supervised its restoration, and managed the site as a place where citizens could pay homage to one of its great leaders.”^[17] The success of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association influences the establishment of similar organizations and efforts. This group set the tone for the era’s preservation activities.^[18] During this period, private citizens were the primary leaders of the developing preservation movement.

The first piece of legislation on a federal level in support of historic conservation preservation occurred in the early 20th century as an outcome of the growing movement. In 1889, the government put $2,000 behind the designation of the Casa Grande Ruins in Arizona as a national monument. The Casa Grande Ruins was the first time the government used its legislative power and money to save an archaeological ruin for its historical value. The rise of industrialism, coupled with the nation’s expansion westward, stimulated the interest in preserving the identity of the country. As people became concerned about the looting of archaeological sites, Congress passed the Antiquities Act of 1906. The Act made the destruction of nationally significant sites and antiquities a criminal offense, and it gave the president authority to designate properties as national monuments. Most importantly, by enacting this legislation, the federal government acknowledged that historical, cultural, and natural resources to be considered relevant and worthy of being preserved for the benefit of its citizens. The conservation movement also inspired the establishment of the National Park Service in 1916.^[19]

Properties of national significance remained the prominent focus of preservation activities throughout most of the Progressive Era, and the list of buildings preserved expanded. Preservationists acknowledged the importance of architecture and interest arose in the history of ordinary people and everyday life. A significant turning point in the concept of historic preservation took place in 1931. An effort to protect the town’s landmark resources against a negative impact of automobile traffic, the citizens of Charleston, South Carolina, established the first historic district in 1931. Charleston also was the first town to set zoning legislation to protect preservation concerns at the local level.^[20]  This action broadened historic preservation to include entire neighborhoods. This trend toward valuing architecture and the history of ordinary people and communities continued to grow, and eventually became an established concept in today’s preservation theory.

The Decline of Dayton and the Emergence of Local Preservation

After World War II, the United States seemed characterized by evolving towards urbanization and car sales. Dayton was no exception to this trend. Urban renewal created a way to clear out the slums of cities, notably many buildings in downtown Dayton were getting torn down, as a way to reduce the “obsolete” buildings due to the exploding population expanding in the suburban neighborhoods and accommodating the rapidly growing car culture. By the 1960s, urban renewal had altered the face of the nation’s cities. Many people were fleeing downtown Dayton and moving out to Oakwood, Beavercreek, Kettering, Trotwood, and Huber Heights.

In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed a specific committee on historic preservation. The committee studied the situation and then delivered it to Congress. Their report became a rallying cry for the preservation movement. Up until this point time, there had been 12,000 places in Historic American Buildings documented so far for preservation concerns.

By 1966, half of them had either been destroyed or damaged beyond repair. The National Historic Preservation Act turned 50 in 2016. The act is perhaps the nation’s most prominent advocate for the past. Buildings and landscapes that serve as witnesses to our national narrative are safe. A greater appreciation has improved the quality of life in our cities and towns.^[21]

In 1975, the National Register of Historic Places added the Dayton Arcade.^[22] In that same year, a proposal for a significant redevelopment project on the Dayton Arcade called Arcade Square. In Peter J. May’s study on “Expectations and Urban Revitalization,” states that “the relationships among people’s expectations regarding future living conditions, evaluations of present conditions, and behaviors based upon their evaluations and expectations are central to the study of contemporary urban phenomena.”^[23] This more general study of general urban revitalization applies to Dayton with how many white middle-class families fled Dayton and the creation of suburbs.

Currently, the general public has mixed feelings as to the importance of historic preservation. “Many believe that historic preservation is of little importance and serves only to impede new developments and the free market economy. Several publications thus do not mention historic preservation as an element within the field of urban planning.”^[24] Exemplifying the significance of preservation. Many Americans express their disinterest in the urban preservation movement.

There is more interest in a focal point of businesses being successful with the flock to the suburban neighborhoods. “‘Dayton has a rich urban fabric, and if we don’t figure out how to bring equity to projects, people will continue to suggest demolition (as opposed to redevelopment),’ said Amy Walbridge, special projects administrator for the City of Dayton Department of Economic Development.”^[26] As compared to a study conducted recently by Forbes magazine found that “More than  half of them (Millennials surveyed) 54% are interested in historic preservation as a means to save the places that define us as Americans.”^[27] This statistic shows that the significance of historic preservation continues the trend of growing with each generation.

In Alan Mallach’s work on “Report Part Title: Building a Model of Urban Revitalization,” he discusses the state role in urban revitalization, and not generally the role the state plays in its cities. Mallach defines Urban revitalization as “not a thing; it is a process, or rather, the sum of a series of interrelated ongoing processes. We see it as the sum of changes across five broad and distinct elements.”^[28] These five elements are fiscal and service delivery capacity, healthy real estate market, healthy neighborhoods and quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human capital development. While the government has played a role in historic preservation for over 125 years, the entire preservation movement operates at the local level. Local communities are the drivers of historic preservation. The local communities are those who decide conservation, heritage, and archaeology advocates that even make historic conservation happen.

This trend can be explicitly noted within the Dayton community as well. “A wealth of resources remains intact throughout the metropolitan region, reflecting the area’s post World War II prosperity. The resulting architecture has left a tangible legacy on each community’s streetscape. Many of these buildings have architectural merit and are worthy of historic preservation. They also are noteworthy in their ability to convey the region’s story of mid-20^th-century development. The architecture of the mid-20^th century has much to be celebrated and preserved. “In an anthology marking the 50th anniversary of the NHPA, former National Trust for Historic Preservation Chief Preservation Officer David J. Brown stated: ‘To build a movement for all Americans, we must recognize that preservation takes many more forms… frankly, we need tools that give every person a voice in determining what is worth preserving in their community.’”^[29]

Within the Dayton community, it is not the lack of community support for saving the Dayton Arcade; it is about the tools to have this project succeed financially. The challenge for the preservation community is to raise awareness of the value of these resources that reflect the apex of Dayton’s—and Ohio’s—manufacturing-based economic prosperity.”^[30]  A University of Dayton Magazine article starts the piece off by stating, “call it a tale of two centuries. When you stand inside Dayton’s historic Arcade, you step straight back into the city’s past.”^[31] There is no lack of evidence suggesting that there is a lack of interest in sustaining Dayton’s history. It is more due to a decrease in population fleeing after the relocation of many large companies that initially based out of Dayton.

Financial Hardships

The Dayton Arcade has gone through various obstacles financially and was not stable after the 1980s. After the 1980 recession, the owners went into receivership. Many of the large companies that were based initially in Dayton were moving out. Only half of the retail space was being occupied in the Arcade five years later. The Arcade ended up closing going into the 1990s when a new buyer came in with the support of the city, nothing much would be done with the tenants or businesses and went into significant financial loss and forced to sell the Arcade for basically nothing. Brownfield Charities that had bought the Arcade for basically nothing ended up frustrated with trying to pay off the taxes, and it eventually led to an attempt to sell the Dayton Arcade on eBay. The Arcade faced many issues from its initial closing to the first buyer failing to revitalize the Dayton Arcade. The Dayton Arcade has faced repeated financial turmoil with many buildings similarly in the city becoming derelict. By 1990, the building only had one retail tenant. There were efforts made during this time to lease the building for events to help relieve some of the cash flow problems.^[32] Some of these events included “political fundraisers and private parties sponsored by the Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra, Dayton Ballet, and the Dayton Area Chamber of Commerce.”^[33] To a variety of other events such as the “Hollydays” Winter Festival^[34] and wedding receptions. Although the city is already on an upswing, this proposed project would add to the vibrancy of downtown.^[35]

Once the Arcade was purchased to be revitalized, the Friends of the Arcade diminished. The organization never came back together after the buyer backed out due to a lack of funds to reconstruct the Arcade. Dayton Most Metro published one of the last public statements made by the Friends of the Arcade organization. The report discussed the historical day of the official news that Gunther Berg and Wendell Strutz and that the long-anticipated and awaited restoration will begin soon, but sadly the renovation never began under their ownership of the Arcade.

Urban renewal is not a particular issue that is only seen in Dayton but is visible in many metropolitan downtown areas that were getting deserted after World War II. During this period is when the imagery of a typical suburban family with the white picket fence came to fruition–the G.I. Bill gave low-interest mortgages and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools. Minorities such as African Americans did not have equal access to the GI Bill. Many African Americans were consistently either not admitted to individual universities because of their race and were not approved for mortgages in low-income neighborhoods because those neighborhoods were considered high risk for loans.

The Dayton Arcade may be facing more financial issues presently moving forward due to the impact of the Corona Virus (COVID-19). The Dayton Arcade released a statement on their website,

The current renovations plan is to finally complete the restoration of the Arcade in hopes that it will not fail this time. This current two-phase plan has the sponsorship by many local businesses and universities such as Wright State University and the University of Dayton. Although many companies are facing tough times, it seems as though the Arcade may finish its renovations at a later date due to the costs. The virus has impacted the University of Dayton’s revenue, affecting participation in projects as discussed in the Dayton Daily News article. Which states, “Additionally, while Arcade developers work toward the completion of that project, UD is prepared to take occupancy and begin the 10-year lease for The Hub Powered by PNC Bank planned for the Arcade, although that may not be until later, in 2021.”^[39] Although hope remains high that the renovations on the Arcade will stay on track to finish as planned, and the beloved Arcade will open to the community once again.

The New Hope

The current development team that is making these renovations is the Cross Street Partners, The Model Group, and the McCormack Baron Salzar. “The vision for the redevelopment plan will recast the Arcade the same way it initially developed in the first decade of the 20th century–with a mix of retail, offices, event space, and housing.”^[40] The project has two phases. “The large-scale redevelopment of the Dayton Arcade took many momentous steps forward in 2019. From a financial closing to a new book and documentary, and the announcement of a handful of tenants.”^[41] The first phase of the project consists of an innovation center in the south part of the Arcade that was in partnership with the University of Dayton as a center for development in higher education with artists and creative entrepreneurs. The second phase of the project focuses on the north portion of the Arcade. It will include a commercial kitchen program, a market place and retail, and a restaurant environment and an open space for the community.

Not only are university students from the University of Dayton and Wright State University supporting the renovations at the Dayton arcade, but there is also significant support from the art community. Cornelius Frolik’s article published in the Dayton Daily News discusses how the art community formed in support of the Dayton Arcade. “The proposal to redevelop the Dayton Arcade, starting with housing and common spaces for creative endeavors, has garnered strong support from local artists, business groups, and community leaders.”^[42]Influence of the community and groups. The local art community outside of the university is very engaged in participating in the plans of the arcade with art galleries and studio space that will be available to the support from The Friends of the arcade versus doubt that some community members might hold.

Funding the Project, “roughly $12 million to $15 million in just the first phase involving restoring two of the Arcade’s seven buildings, which is along West Fourth Street.”^[43]As noted with previous owners, the financing of the Arcade was not easily acquired. ^“The group redeveloping the Dayton Arcade has applied for $2.75 million in state historic tax incentives for a second phase of the project that seeks to create new housing, office, and a shared-use commercial kitchen. The second phase will rehab two buildings on the north end of the nine-building complex, which could be a $28 million to $30 million investment, Williams said. State historic tax credits are highly competitive, and 44 other Ohio projects also seeking tax incentives, notably including two in Dayton, the J.K. McIntire, and the Barclay buildings. The developers are seeking $2.75 million to rehab the north arcade, which consists of the Third Street and the Gibbon Annex buildings.”^[44]  So far, all the finances for the renovations have been through historic preservation tax credits. City leaders announced the continuation of the next phase of the redevelopment as the plans for phase II was agreed upon and are now working on financing it.

The second phase will rehab the two buildings on the north end of the nine-building complex, which could be a $28 million to $30 million investment. The amount of financial hardships previous owners had with the Dayton Arcade exemplifies how extremely pertinent finances and having the funds to make these renovations happen.

The current goal for the Dayton arcade is to have it finished by the end of 2020.^[46] Although the Friends of the Arcade is not a failed group, it has transformed into extending community support. Although the group diminished itself after the Arcade was finally bought out by a new owner, the spark when talking to the people involved in this group about the care of the city still exists today. Efforts across the community through a multitude of community efforts. The renovations of the Dayton arcade will be meaningful due to “items like old restaurant and shop signs found during the renovations will be incorporated in different areas such as apartments, offices, and shops.”^[47] Many of these renovations have started to create more of a community again for a lot of the locals.

Once the renovations are complete, many are hoping to create a rebirth of the downtown area. “People who now walk down Main Street can now see clearly through the old McCrory’s building windows, through the Arcade’s rotunda, and the other side on Ludlow. ‘When I looked through here like you said, it has not been available to do, so then I saw a vision of downtown Dayton coming alive again,’ said Dayton resident Jimmy Mann.”^[48] Hopefully, with more open space, this will attract more businesses into Dayton and fill the streets. “University of Dayton students working side by side with entrepreneurs, brainstorming ideas, and developing and pitching new products. Imagining sidewalks bustling with pedestrians and diners at sidewalk cafes.”^[49] Students even are seeing a future in the city of Dayton. This interest can potentially lead to the attraction of more students to the university. The support extends further beyond just local members of the community. There has been an outpouring of support for this renovation project. It seems like the Dayton Arcade is finally on track financially in terms of getting the renovations complete.

Local support of the community drew success with the Arcade and helped revive businesses in the focal point of the metropolitan area. From the Fifth-Third Baseball Field for the local minor team, the Dayton Dragons, to the Schuster Center, to housing on the riverfront, as well as the Levitt Pavilion placed on the river.^[50] Although the downtown area will not be exactly as active and bustling as it once was, it potentially can still be renovated for the city to receive as much use as it once had. Will the next generation of Daytonians consider moving into the city? How involved should the local universities fully be with a local investment? The completion of phase II in the Dayton Arcade will bring conditions that have not existed in over 25 years and an answer to these vital questions.

Endnotes

^[1] Memories of Bob Thaman.

^[2] Sarah Eyer. “Dayton Markets.” Dayton History Project: History of the Dayton Arcade.

^[3] Main building of the Dayton Arcade on Third Street. Courtesy of Friends of the Arcade website.

^[4] The Historic Arcade. Preservation Dayton Inc.

^[5] Jeffrey Guest.

^[6] John Gower. Interview by Dr. Todd Uhlman, April 27, 2019. Transcript, Dayton Arcade History Project.

^[7] Kayla Dunkman, “Locals look to save the downtown Arcade,” Dayton Daily News, June 14 2007.

^[8] Kayla Dunkman, “Locals look to save the downtown Arcade,” Dayton Daily News, June 14 2007.

^[9] Dayton Daily News, “Save the Arcade Holiday Bazaar.” December 13, 2007.

^[10] Staff Reporters, “Award nominees sought.” Dayton Daily News, 2009 December 9.

^[11] Friends of the Arcade website.

^[12] Cornelius Frolik, “Dayton Arcade plan draws arts community support.” Dayton Daily News, 2016 January 29.

^[13] Kelley King. “Plans move along for Dayton Arcade redevelopment.” Local 2 News, September 2019.

^[14] Charles F. Horn Papers.

^[15] Cornelius Frolik, “Task force to review Arcade’s potential,” Dayton Daily News, August 13, 2014.

^[16] Caelan Danbury, et. Al. “Part 4: 1980-2020 From Ruin to Rebirth.” Dayton History Project: History of the Dayton Arcade.

^[17] SuccintBill, “At the dawn of historic preservation in the United States.” Succinct Research.

^[18] Wisconsin Historical Society. “Beginnings of the Preservation Movement.”

^[19] Wisconsin Historical Society. “Beginnings of the Preservation Movement.”

^[20] Wisconsin Historical Society. “Beginnings of the Preservation Movement.”

^[21] National Park Services. “National Historic Preservation Act.”

^[22] National Register of Historic Places. <https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail?assetID=8a1 9829b-c692-4116-b899-4797d1143b99>.

^[23] Cornelius Frolik, “Expectations and Urban Revitalization.” Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 2, June 1982, Page 225.

^[24] Frank, K. and P. Peterson. Historic Preservation in the USA. Library of Congress. 2002. Page 24.

^[25] Frank, K. and P. Peterson. Historic Preservation in the USA. Library of Congress. 2002. Pages 23 and 24.

^[26] Kate Patrick, “City works to preserve ‘rich urban fabric’” Dayton Daily News, August 12 2015.

^[27] McClimon, Timothy j. “The Future of the Historic Preservation Movement: Connecting People with Places.” Forbes, September 2018.

^[28] Alan Mallach, “Report Part Title: Building a Model of Urban Revitalization.” Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2017.

^[29] The Inclusive Historian’s Handbook. “Historic Preservation.” June 2019.

^[30] Steven Avdakov et. al. “OHIO MODERN: PRESERVING OUR RECENT PAST DAYTON and SURROUNDING AREA SURVEY REPORT.” Ohio History Preservation Office of the Historical Society, September 2010, Page 352.

^[31] Mary McCarty. “Rebirth of the Arcade.” University of Dayton Magazine, June 2019.

^[32] Caelan Danburry et. Al. “Part 4: 1980-2020 From Ruin to Rebirth.” Dayton History Project: History of the Dayton Arcade.

^[33] Kline, Benjamin. “Arcade Centre to open with show of charity,” Dayton Daily News, February 3, 1990, Main Edition, Page 31.

^[34] Ryan Reed, “Christmas at the Arcade.” Dayton History Project: History of the Dayton Arcade.

^[35] Cornelius Frolik, “Dayton Arcade plan draws arts community support.” Dayton Daily News, 2016 January 29.

^[36] John Bush. “New Dayton Arcade book in the works, writer seeks public input.” June 2019.

^[37] Courtesy of Daytongram’s Instagram Handle.

^[38] The Dayton Arcade Website.

^[39] Thomas Gnau. “UD to lay off more than 500 employees.” Dayton Daily News, April 2020.

^[40] The Dayton Arcade Website.

^[41] Dayton Business Journal Staff, “Year in Review: Here’s what’s happened at the Dayton Arcade.” Dayton Business Journal, December 2019.

^[42] Cornelius Frolik. “Dayton Arcade plan draws arts community support.”

^[43] Cornelius Frolik, “Dayton Arcade plan draws arts community support.”

^[44] Cornelius Frolik. “Developer seeks funding for $30M north Arcade project.” Dayton Daily News, 2019 October 9.

^[45] Cornelius Frolik. “Developer seeks funding for $30M north Arcade project.” Dayton Daily News, 2019 October 9.

^[46] Christina Shaefer and Molly Reed. “Neighbors excited to see progress of work at Dayton Arcade.” Dayton 24/7 Now, 2019 July 10.

^[47] Christina Shaefer and Molly Reed. “Neighbors excited to see progress of work at Dayton Arcade.”

^[48] Christina Shaefer and Molly Reed. “Neighbors excited to see progress of work at Dayton Arcade.”

^[49] Mary McCarty. “Rebirth of the Arcade.” University of Dayton Magazine, June 2019.

^[50] Mike Kotler’s Commentary. “Arcade Square: Dayton, OH” Deadmalls.com, October 2005.

Works Cited

Moments of 2019.” Dayton Business Journal, 2019 December 27. <https://www.bizjournals.com/dayton/news/2019/12/27/year-in-review-heres-whats-happened-at-the-dayton.html>.

Downtown Dayton Partnership, Citywide Development Corporation, and the City of Dayton. “Dayton Arcade Museum Center Concept Proposal.” Dayton Metro Library Archives. Call number: 977.173 D276151 1995.

“Downtown Dayton takes great pride in announcing the grand opening of the exciting new Arcade Square.” Dayton Metro Library Archives, 1980, Call number: T77173 D751.

Dunkman, Kayla. “Locals look to save the downtown Arcade,” Dayton Daily News, June 14 2007.

Charles F. Horn Papers, Box 5 & 6, Wright State Archives.

Eyer, Sarah. “Dayton Markets.” Dayton History Project: History of the Dayton Arcade.

Frank, K. and P. Peterson. Historic Preservation in the USA. Library of Congress. 2002.

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Frolik, Cornelius. “Developer seeks funding for $30M north Arcade project.” Dayton Daily News, 2019 October 9. <https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local/developer-seeks-funding-for-30m-north-arcade-project/mZ5SLvJzSUmqUJHclqc3pN/>.

Frolik, Cornelius. “Task force to review Arcade’s potential,” Dayton Daily News, August 13, 2014.

Gower, John. Interview by Dr. Todd Uhlman, April 27, 2019. Transcript, Dayton Arcade History Project.

Gnau, Thomas. “UD to lay off more than 500 employees.” Dayton Daily News, April 2020. <https://www.daytondailynews.com/business/breaking-layoff-furlough-500-workers/B99GHGdJzZAMFl3NdVSKTI/>.

Guest Jeffrey, “Aspects of the Dayton Arcade.”

The Inclusive Historian’s Handbook. “Historic Preservation.” June 2019. <https://inclusivehistorian.com/historic-preservation/>.

King, Kelley. “Plans move along for Dayton Arcade redevelopment.” Local 2 News, September 2019. <https://www.wdtn.com/news/local-news/plans-move-along-for-dayton-arcade-redevelopment/>.

Kline, Benjamin. “Arcade Centre to open with show of charity,” Dayton Daily News, February 3, 1990, Main Edition, pg. 31.

Kotler, Mike. “Arcade Square: Dayton, OH” DeadMall.com, October 2005. <http://deadmalls.com/malls/arcade_square.html>.

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